Min Kyung Shin
Yuan Liu
Chenshuang Li
| Min Kyung Shin | Yuan Liu | Chenshuang Li |
Min Kyung Shin1
Yuan Liu1, Chenshuang Li2
1Preventive & Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; 2Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
Introduction
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are one of the most common congenital orofacial malformations among newborn babies in the world. In CLP, facial and oral malformations occur in the fetus during pregnancy and the cleft forms when tissues around the mouth and lip fail to join. The microbial environment is disrupted because of this malformation; therefore, CLP patients are generally at a greater risk of dental caries, periodontitis, and other oronasal infectious diseases. Although the investigation of the biofilm in CLP population has been studied in many literatures, a comprehensive review of CLP biofilm has not yet been discussed.
Methods
This review followed the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, and the article search was conducted in November 2021. The PubMed database was searched using the following keywords: ‘cleft palate,’ ‘cleft lip palate,’ ‘biofilm,’ ‘microbiome,’ ‘microbiology,’ ‘bacteria,’ ‘fungal,’ ‘virus.’ No publication date limits were set. Reviews were excluded from consideration to avoid double-counting of microbiota species, and only studies conducted on humans and written in English were included.
Results
68 studies were collected. By comparing the species reported in the articles, different microbiota were found in different niches of the CLP patients. Bacterial species from the Prevotella, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Lactobacilli genus were the most frequently reported species found on teeth adjacent to cleft, while Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Streptococcus were the most frequently reported species found on teeth inside the cleft. Bacterial species from the Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Enterobacter genus were the most frequently reported species found on the mucosa adjacent to cleft sites and in the nasopharynx. Bacterial species from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genus were the most frequently reported species found on the palatal mucosa and in the oropharynx. Bacterial species from the Streptococcus and Lactobacilli genus were the most frequently reported species found in saliva. In addition, Fungi (Candida) and viruses (Influenza, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Parvovirus B19) were also identified in the biofilm isolated from CLP patients.
Conclusion
Our review provides a comprehensive discussion of the current knowledge of the microbial composition and diversity of the biofilm in various sites of CLP patients including mucosa, teeth, saliva, and nasal cavity.